Fluidised pellet bed bioreactor: a promising technology for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse.

A pilot-scale fluidised pellet bed (FPB) bioreactor, which combines chemical coagulation, biological degradation, particle pelletisation and separation in one unit, was applied for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse. As a result of rational use of inorganic coagulant and organic polymer and moderate mechanical agitation, spherical particles were generated in the upflow column and a well-fluidised bed was formed. With a continuous supply of dissolved oxygen through a recycling loop, an aerobic condition was kept in the bottom section of the FPB column. Under such conditions the pellets in the FPB column showed the following characteristics: (1) compact structure and high density; (2) rich in microorganisms; and (3) high MLSS and MLVSS concentrations. Therefore, the FPB bioreactor achieved more than 90% removal of SS, COD, BOD and TP from raw domestic wastewater within a total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of only about 30 minutes. It also showed nitrification and denitrification ability and the TN removal could be about 50% as the recycling ratio was increased to 1:1. The treated water quality is generally competitive with the secondary effluent from a conventional activated sludge process. With these advantages the FPB bioreactor is recommendable as a compact system for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse.     

苏州市景观水体表观污染类型识别及特征指标筛选

为解决表观污染成因的问题,以苏州市区河网为主要研究对象,采集796个数据样本,对景观水体的表观污染类型进行划分界定,并通过对数据样本的统计分析,探究水体表观污染类型和水质指标之间的关系。结果表明:氧化还原电位、溶解氧、叶绿素a、高锰酸盐指数和浊度对不同污染类型的水体具有很好的区分度,可作为主要特征指标;景观水体可分为有机主导型、无机主导型、营养主导型和混合型4种表观污染类型;不同表观污染水体判别的优先次序为有机主导型、无机主导型、营养主导型、混合型。     

Improvement of rainwater infiltration and storage capacity by an enhanced seepage well: From laboratory investigation to HYDRUS-2D numerical analysis

Seepage well is an emerging Low Impact Development (LID) technology that can effectively control the storm runoff. However, its rainwater infiltration rate and storage capacity still require further enhancement. By setting a horizontal infiltration structure at the bottom of conventional rainwater seepage well (CSW), an enhanced seepage well (ESW) was proposed in this study, and its infiltration performances compared with the permeable pavement (PP) and the CSW were systemically investigated using static infiltration experiment and HYDRUS-2D simulation. The results showed that the infiltration efficiency of ESW was significantly higher than that of PP and CSW, and the process of water infiltrated through soil mainly controlled the macroscopic infiltration rate. The Nash-Sutcliff Efficient (NSE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the HYDRUS-2D model, and the results of NSE values greater than 0.75 (varied between 0.75 and 0.91) confirmed the applicability of HYDRUS-2D to describe correctly the hydraulic behavior of the ESW system. Simulation infiltration tests showed that the ESW performed a higher average infiltration rate and fewer total runoff volume than the CSW, indicating the effectively enhancement of the infiltration and water retention capacity of ESW, especially under heavy rainfall intensities. Additionally, the ESW system exhibited an excellent runoff-control and rainwater retention capacity in an actual rainfall scenario.     

沂沭河底泥中污染物空间分布特征及评价

测定沂沭河底泥的有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有效磷含量,分析了污染物之间的相关性,评价了沂沭河底泥的污染状况。结果表明:沂沭河流域表层沉积物中TN、TP分布特性相似,沂河中OM含量远低于沭河,OM、TN、TP分布的空间差异较大。有效磷含量约占TP含量的17.7%,表明农田及人类活动对流域水环境造成了一定程度的污染。C/N、N/P及OM与氮、磷含量的回归分析表明,碳、氮具有同源性,底质中OM及氮主要源于生物沉降,而磷主要源于外部输入。经评价,沂沭河底质沉积物环境质量整体较好,污染程度属于清洁水平。     

Experimental and numerical simulation of lignite chemical looping gasification with phosphogypsum as oxygen carrier in a fluidized bed

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid waste produced in the wet process of producing phosphoric acid.Lignite is a kind of promising chemical raw material.However,the high sulfur of lignite limits the utilization of lig-nite as a resource.Based on fluidized bed experiments,the optimal reaction conditions for the production syngas by lignite chemical looping gasification (CLG) with PG as oxygen carrier were studied.The study found that the optimal reaction temperature should not exceed 1123 K;the mole ratio of water vapor to lignite should be about 0.2;the mole ratio of PG oxygen carrier to lignite should be about 0.6.Meanwhile,commercial software Comsol was used to establish a fuel reaction kinetics model.Through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation,the process of reaction in fluidized bed were well captured.The model was based on a two-fluid model and coupled mass transfer,heat transfer and chemical reac-tions.This study showed that the fluidized bed presents a flow structure in which gas and solid coexist.There was a high temperature zone in the middle and lower parts of the fluidized bed.It could be seen from the results of the flow field simulated that the fluidized bed was beneficial to the progress of the gasification reaction.     

粉煤灰高附加值利用研究进展

粉煤灰是火电厂燃煤过程中产生的固体残渣, 其成分复杂, 具有毒性, 若处理不当会对环境造成危害。因此, 粉煤灰的高附加值利用迫在眉睫。然而, 粉煤灰的品质是制约其高附加值利用的主要因素。目前, 中国粉煤灰品质参差不齐, 缺少完善的品质评价体系, 由此造成粉煤灰利用领域的局限性。针对上述问题, 首先分析了中国粉煤灰的资源化特性, 总结了粉煤灰的品质评价方法, 并重点阐述了适用于粉煤灰高附加值利用的品质评价方法;其次, 详细介绍了粉煤灰高附加值利用技术（高附加值提取技术、高附加值材料制备技术）;最后, 对粉煤灰高附加值利用的发展趋势做出了展望。     

邻菲罗啉-硫氰酸钾-水体系液固分离钴(Ⅱ)

当分析元素含量极低时,往往要求在测定之前辅以化学分离预富集手段以纯化富集待测物和除去干扰基体。实验利用邻菲罗啉和硫氰酸钾作为微痕量Co²⁺的络合剂,建立了一种液固体系分离富集微痕量Co²⁺的新方法。分别考察了邻菲罗啉溶液用量、硫氰酸钾溶液用量、酸度对分离效率的影响。结果表明,当体系中Co²⁺含量为100 μg时,控制体系pH=2~6,加入1.00 mL 1.5 g/L邻菲罗啉溶液、1.00 mL 0.1 mol/L硫氰酸钾溶液、1.00 mL 10 g/L EDTA溶液、1.00 mL 40 g/L硫脲溶液,震荡静置后,Co²⁺与邻菲罗啉、硫氰酸钾反应生成的离子缔合物定量沉淀到溶液底部,而Cd²⁺、Fe³⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Al³⁺、Ag⁺等离子仍留在水相中,从而实现了Co²⁺与这些离子的定量分离。方法成功用于合成水样中微痕量Co²⁺的定量分离,富集率在97.2%～98.6%之间。     

电气石对好氧反硝化菌株反硝化特性的影响

用化学全分析、扫描电镜、Bruauer-Emmett-Teller法和粒度分析仪对内蒙赤峰电气石进行测试表征,研究了电气石对好氧反硝化菌株反硝化特性的影响.结果表明:电气石能够促进好氧反硝化菌株的生长繁殖,纯培养16 h后,细菌数量增加384%.电气石还可以增强好氧反硝化菌株的反硝化能力,与未投加电气石的相比较,NO-3-N,NO-2-N,化学需氧量的浓度降低,总氮去除率提高32.8%.电气石对菌液体系的氧化还原电位具有调控作用,可以使体系的氧化还原电位降低20%,这一作用可能是电气石提高好氧反硝化菌株反硝化能力的重要因素.     

新型阻垢剂IA-SSS-MA聚合物的合成与表征

以衣康酸(IA)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)和马来酸酐(MA)为单体,以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵作引发剂,合成了衣康酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸酐(IA-SSS-MA)三元聚合物阻垢剂,考察了单体配比、反应温度、引发剂量、滴加时间等对聚合物阻碳酸钙垢效果的影响,结果表明:当单体配比为IA∶SSS∶MA=5∶1∶0.25(摩尔比),反应温度100℃,引发剂量占单体总量13%,滴加时间为5 h,阻碳酸钙垢效果最好,阻垢率达到98.11%。     

入流泥沙粒径组成对弱分层水体异重流及挟沙特性的影响

利用水槽设计水库分层水体模型试验,研究温度弱分层水体中不同入流泥沙粒径组成时异重流及其泥沙运动的特性。选用颗粒粒径0.01 mm、0.02 mm、0.05 mm的泥沙,开展了不同入流泥沙粒径组成条件下的异重流试验研究。在水温弱分层水库水体中,分析入流泥沙粒径组成的变化对分离点水深和间层流厚度的影响规律;不同泥沙粒径组成下,分析异重流在水库断面的泥沙浓度、较深的水域挟沙量变化规律;研究了泥沙沉淀量和悬浮量与入流泥沙粒径组成的关系。研究结果表明:在弱分层条件下,维持入流泥沙浓度3.75 g/L、入流速度0.005 m/s不变,异重流在水库中泥沙沉淀比例为29%~38%,泥沙在水库中的悬浮比例为46%~60%;粒径组成变化导致分离点深度和间层流厚度不同,颗粒粒径越大,分离点深度越深,间层流厚度越厚;异重流挟沙能力弱,水库淤积更严重,泥沙也会造成水库水浑浊;入库泥沙粒径越小,水库悬浮的泥沙浓度越大,水库的内源污染越大;当入库泥沙粒径较小时,宜在水库深水区取水,可减少水处理费用。研究成果可为水库取水、调水调沙提供参考。